Toxicity and biochemical impact of methoxyfenozide/spinetoram mixture on susceptible and methoxyfenozide-selected strains of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

Abstract Methoxyfenozide (M) is one of the selective insecticides used in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for lepidopteran pests. However, recent studies reported a development of M-resistance, which prompted us to look for alternatives. Here, we investigate the potency of a mixture of M with spinetoram (Sp) on M-resistant insects. In the laboratory, a selection pressure with M has carried out on Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) strains. A dipping technique was used to evaluate the toxicity of a sublethal concentration of M and Sp. on S. littoralis larvae, and the same concentrations were used to assess the toxic impact of their combination on susceptible (SUS) and M-selected (MS) strains. The toxicity of M/Sp mixtures was computed using a combination index equation, and a potentiation effect was observed in the two tested strains. Synergism tests revealed that piperonyl butoxide had considerable synergistic effects on M toxicity in the MS strain. The results revealed that the M/Sp mixture's negative effect on both monooxygenases and esterases is most likely the cause of its potentiation effect on the SUS and MS strains. It was concluded that M/Sp mixtures are effective against M-resistant S. littoralis strains, so these can be used in IPM programs.