Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy (Dec 2023)
Immunotherapy: Constructive Approach for Breast Cancer Treatment
Abstract
Umer Anayyat,1 Faiza Ahad,1 Tobias Achu Muluh,1 Syed Aqib Ali Zaidi,1 Faiza Usmani,2 Hua Yang,1 Mengqing Li,1 Hammad Ali Hassan,3 Xiaomei Wang1 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Biotechnology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; 3Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USACorrespondence: Xiaomei Wang, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13544234361, Email [email protected]: A novel and rapid therapeutic approach is the treatment of human breast cancer by enhancing the host’s immune system. In initial findings, program death one (PD-1) and program cell death ligand one (PD-L1) showed positive results towards solid tumors, but tumor relapse and drug resistance are the major concerns. Breast cancer therapy has been transformed by the advent of immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs). Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) have exhibited enduring responses to clinical usage of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs) like atezolizumab and pembrolizumab. Nonetheless, a notable proportion of individuals with TNBC do not experience advantages from these treatments, and there is limited comprehension of the resistance mechanisms. Another approach to overcome resistance is cancer stem cells (CSCs), as these cells are crucial for the initiation and growth of tumors in the body. Various cancer vaccines are created using stem cells (dendritic, whole cell, bacterial) and focus primarily on targeting tumor-related antigens. The ultimate objective of cancer vaccines is to immunize the patients by active artificial immunity against cancer, though. In this review, we primarily focused on existing immunotherapeutic options, immune checkpoint blockers, the latest progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), advanced strategies to overcome resistance to ICBs, cancer stem cell antigens and molecular markers, ongoing clinical trials for BCs and cancer vaccines for breast cancer.Keywords: breast cancer, cancer stem cell, immunotherapy, cancer therapy
