The Interplay of Raloxifene and Sonochemical Bio-Oss in Early Maxillary Sinus Bone Regeneration: A Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Rabbits
Anderson Maikon de Souza Santos,
Rodrigo dos Santos Pereira,
Pietro Montemezzi,
Rafael Coutinho Mello-Machado,
Roberta Okamoto,
Roberto Sacco,
Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho,
Michel Reis Messora,
Carlos Fernando Mourão,
Eduardo Hochuli-Vieira
Affiliations
Anderson Maikon de Souza Santos
Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo 16066-840, Brazil
Rodrigo dos Santos Pereira
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Grande Rio—UNIGRANRIO, Rio de Janeiro 25071-202, Brazil
Pietro Montemezzi
Department of Dentistry, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
Rafael Coutinho Mello-Machado
Department of Implant Dentistry, Universidade Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro 26260-045, Brazil
Roberta Okamoto
Department of Basic Sciences, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo 16066-805, Brazil
Roberto Sacco
Department of Oral Surgery, Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho
Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
Michel Reis Messora
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14040-904, Brazil
Carlos Fernando Mourão
Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
Eduardo Hochuli-Vieira
Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo 14801-385, Brazil
The study aimed to assess the efficacy of using Raloxifene with ultrasonic processing to enhance Bio-Oss®, a bone graft substitute, for maxillary sinus bone height reconstruction. A total of 24 rabbit maxillary sinuses were distributed into three groups, each receiving different treatments: Bio-Oss® only, sonicated Bio-Oss, and sonicated Bio-Oss® with Raloxifene. Surgical procedures and subsequent histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry analyses were conducted to evaluate the bone formation, connective tissue, and remaining biomaterial, as well as the osteoblastic differentiation and maturation of collagen fibers. Results indicated that the sonicated Bio-Oss® and Bio-Oss® groups showed similar histological behavior and bone formation, but the Raloxifene group displayed inflammatory infiltrate, low bone formation, and disorganized connective tissue. The statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between the groups in terms of bone formation, connective tissue, and remaining biomaterial. In conclusion, the study found that while sonicated Bio-Oss® performed comparably to Bio-Oss® alone, the addition of Raloxifene led to an unexpected delay in bone repair. The findings stress the importance of histological evaluation for accurate bone repair assessment and the necessity for further investigation into the local application of Raloxifene. Future research may focus on optimizing bone substitutes with growth factors to improve bone repair.
