Dynamics of the oral microbiome during orthodontic treatment and antimicrobial advances for orthodontic appliances
Qin Niu,
Si Chen,
Rushui Bai,
Yuntao Lu,
Liying Peng,
Bing Han,
Tingting Yu
Affiliations
Qin Niu
Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
Si Chen
Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
Rushui Bai
Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
Yuntao Lu
Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
Liying Peng
Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
Bing Han
Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China; Corresponding author
Tingting Yu
Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices& Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, No.22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China; Corresponding author
Summary: The oral microbiome plays an important role in human health, and an imbalance of the oral microbiome could lead to oral and systemic diseases. Orthodontic treatment is an effective method to correct malocclusion. However, it is associated with many adverse effects, including white spot lesions, caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, halitosis, and even some systematic diseases. Undoubtedly, increased difficulty in oral hygiene maintenance and oral microbial disturbances are the main factors in developing these adverse effects. The present article briefly illustrates the characteristics of different ecological niches (including saliva, soft tissue surfaces of the oral mucosa, and hard tissue surfaces of the teeth) inhabited by oral microorganisms. According to the investigations conducted since 2014, we comprehensively elucidate the alterations of the oral microbiome in saliva, dental plaque, and other ecological niches after the introduction of orthodontic appliances. Finally, we provide a detailed review of recent advances in the antimicrobial properties of different orthodontic appliances. This article will provide researchers with a profound understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the effects of orthodontic appliances on human health and provide direction for further research on the antimicrobial properties of orthodontic appliances.
