Things are not what they seem neurologically and radiologically: An apt descriptor for spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF)

Abstract

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are the most common vascular malformations affecting the spinal cord. It is infrequently encountered in clinical practice and is believed to be acquired, predominantly affecting middle-aged and elderly men with unknown etiology. It is usually misdiagnosed despite presenting with conventional clinical findings and radiological features. Insidious onset of myelopathic findings is seen in addition to pathognomonic findings of cord edema and intrathecal flow voids on MRI. We present a case of SDAVF that was missed by the treating orthopedic surgeon and underwent spinal decompression with subsequent persistence of myelopathic symptoms. Angiography is required to confirm the diagnosis location of the fistula. Treatment is with embolization using liquid embolic agents or surgical through ligation of the draining vein. Endovascular techniques are minimally invasive, safe, and effective. Knowledge of the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each agent helps in planning and appropriate selection of agents for the patient. We report successful embolization with improved clinical outcomes for the patient using precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid (PHIL) embolic agent. The outcome and prognosis of SDAVF depend on the duration of symptoms, severity of neurological symptoms, and successful occlusion of the fistulous draining vein. Awareness of this rare condition amongst clinicians and radiologists, would enable an earlier diagnosis and avoid morbid outcomes of this treatable condition.

Keywords

• Dural arteriovenous fistula
• SDAVF
• Spinal vascular anomaly
• Spinal angiography
• Interventional therapy
• Case report