Exploring shape memory and self-healing behavior in sodium and zinc neutralized ethylene/methacrylic acid (EMAA) ionomers

Abstract

Polymeric materials with self-healing and shape memory capabilities have gained increasing attention for their potential applications across various industries. In this study, zinc and sodium ionomers were systematically investigated using a multi-faceted approach, including rheological analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and self-healing and shape memory assessments. Rheological analysis revealed distinct viscosity profiles among the ionomers, with EMAA-Zn 1706 exhibiting higher viscosity at low frequencies and a pronounced thinning behavior across the frequency range. FTIR analysis provided insights into the ionomers' molecular structures and functional groups. DMTA results illuminated the viscoelastic behavior and phase transitions of the ionomers. Peaks in the tan delta curve indicated order-disorder transitions and crystalline melting temperatures, influencing their mechanical properties. XRD patterns revealed low-angle peaks associated with clusters or localized regions within the ionomers. Additionally, characteristic peaks pointed to degrees of crystallinity and ordered packing. Self-healing assessments demonstrated varying healing efficiencies, with values ranging from 40 % to 60 % for EMAA-Zn 9945 and EMAA-Na 2000, while EMAA-Zn 1706 exhibited lower healing efficiency, not surpassing 20 %, attributed to its distinct rheological characteristics. Shape memory experiments were conducted in both torsion and fold-deploy modes, revealing remarkable shape fixations, with all ionomers exceeding 99 % in torsion and 95 % in the fold-deploy method. In aqueous environments, shape memory returns remained above 90 %, underscoring the water's influence on the shape memory effect. The exceptional shape memory performances and varying self-healing efficiencies of these ionomers highlight their versatility and significance in addressing practical challenges, paving the way for tailored materials with promising applications in numerous fields.

Keywords

• Self-healing
• Ionomers
• Shape memory
• Clusters
• Order to disorder