Tetrodotoxins in Ribbon Worms <i>Cephalothrix</i> cf. <i>simula</i> and <i>Kulikovia alborostrata</i> from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan

Abstract

Tetrodotoxin, an extremely potent low-molecular-weight neurotoxin, and its analogues (TTXs) are widely distributed in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Most investigations concerning TTXs have been conducted mainly on puffer fish, octopus, and mollusks, without paying due attention to various non-edible animals including nemerteans, a small group of marine worms, several species of which have been shown to possess high amounts of TTXs. In this study, for the first time, variations in TTX and its analogues, in 32 specimens of Cephalothrix cf. simula and 36 specimens of Kulikovia alborostrata, from Peter the Great Bay Sea of Japan were investigated, which may contribute to elucidation of TTXs migration pathways in ecosystems. Using high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS), it was found that the total TTXs concentrations within both species vary by one to several orders of magnitude, 85.75–7108.26 µg/g and 0.35–8.11 ng/g in C. cf. simula and K. alborostrata, respectively. The intra- and interspecies similarities in proportions of TTXs in both species were observed; based on the results, a possible way of their toxification was discussed.

Keywords

• tetrodotoxin
• tetrodotoxin analogues
• TTX
• HPLC–MS/MS
• Nemertea