Conserved Candidate Antigens and Nanoparticles to Develop Vaccine against <i>Giardia intestinalis</i>
Suthinee Sangkanu,
Alok K. Paul,
Julalak Chuprom,
Watcharapong Mitsuwan,
Rachasak Boonhok,
Maria de Lourdes Pereira,
Sonia Marlene Rodrigues Oliveira,
Polrat Wilairatana,
Mohammed Rahmatullah,
Christophe Wiart,
Muhammad Nawaz,
Chea Sin,
Sunil Kayesth,
Veeranoot Nissapatorn
Affiliations
Suthinee Sangkanu
School of Allied Health Sciences, Southeast Asia Water Team (SEA Water Team) and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
Alok K. Paul
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
Julalak Chuprom
School of Languages and General Education (SOLGEN), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
Watcharapong Mitsuwan
Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
Rachasak Boonhok
Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
Maria de Lourdes Pereira
CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Sonia Marlene Rodrigues Oliveira
CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Polrat Wilairatana
Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Mohammed Rahmatullah
Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
Christophe Wiart
The Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
Muhammad Nawaz
Department of Nano-Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
Chea Sin
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
Sunil Kayesth
Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110019, India
Veeranoot Nissapatorn
School of Allied Health Sciences, Southeast Asia Water Team (SEA Water Team) and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
Giardia intestinalis (Giardia lambia, Giardia duodenalis) infections in humans may be asymptomatic or symptomatic and associated with diarrhea (without blood), abdominal cramps, bloating, flatulence, and weight loss. The protozoan Giardia is the third most common cause of diarrhea and death in children under five, preceded only by rotavirus and by Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis infections. Antimicrobial drugs, particularly 5-nitroimidazole (5-NIs), are used to treat giardiasis in humans. Immunologically naive or immunocompromised host are more vulnerable to Giardia infection, whereas a degree of resistance to this protozoan is present in humans living in endemic areas. This suggests that vaccination may be a potential and appropriate means to control this parasitic disease outbreak and protect the human population. This review discusses Giardia antigens related to vaccine development. Additionally, based on the latest development of nanoparticle technology, a combination of methods for future research and development is proposed for the design of the next generation of powerful immunogens and an effective vaccine against Giardia.
