Enhancing Power Grid Resilience against Cyber Threats in the Smart Grid Era

Abstract

In the age of smart grids, fortifying power grids against cyber threats has become of utmost importance. This paper reviews endeavours in the realms of defining, measuring, and scrutinising the resilience of smart grids. An exhaustive overview of both qualitative frameworks and quantitative metrics for resilience study is provided, underscoring the ideal characteristics of a resilience metric. The complexities in formulating and crafting such metrics in practical settings are also broached. Another focal point is the hierarchical outage management scheme, crafted to enhance the robustness of smart distribution systems, particularly those encompassing multi-microgrids. This scheme introduces a two-tiered approach: the preliminary stage revolves around resource scheduling via a model predictive control-based algorithm, whilst the subsequent stage centres on coordinating power transfers amongst microgrids. Moreover, the paper probes into the vulnerabilities of smart grids owing to the incorporation of information technology. A thorough exploration of security prerequisites, accounts of severe cyber-attacks, and a strategic methodology to detect and counteract these threats are elucidated. The paper wraps up by spotlighting future research trajectories, especially in forging a comprehensive framework for resilience and addressing challenges tied to multi-modal cyber/physical attacks and big data concerns.