Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis Revealed the Difference of Component and Geographical Indication Markers of <i>Panax notoginseng</i> in Different Production Areas
Shijia Zhang,
Kexin Fang,
Zenan Ding,
Jinxia Wu,
Jianzhong Lin,
Dunming Xu,
Jinshui Zhong,
Feng Xia,
Jianghua Feng,
Guiping Shen
Affiliations
Shijia Zhang
Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Kexin Fang
Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Zenan Ding
Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Jinxia Wu
Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Jianzhong Lin
Technology Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361012, China
Dunming Xu
Technology Center of Xiamen Customs, Xiamen 361012, China
Jinshui Zhong
Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Feng Xia
Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Jianghua Feng
Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Guiping Shen
Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) has excellent medicinal and food dual-use characteristics. However, P. notoginseng with a unique origin label has become the target of fraud because of people confusing or hiding its origin. In this study, an untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach was used to discriminate the geographical origins of P. notoginseng from four major producing areas in China. Fifty-two components, including various saccharides, amino acids, saponins, organic acids, and alcohols, were identified and quantified through the NMR spectrum, and the area-specific geographical identification components were further screened. P. notoginseng from Yunnan had strong hypoglycemic and cardiovascular protective effects due to its high acetic acid, dopamine, and serine content, while P. notoginseng from Sichuan was more beneficial for diseases of the nervous system because of its high content of fumarate. P. notoginseng from Guizhou and Tibet had high contents of malic acid, notoginsenoside R1, and amino acids. Our results can help to distinguish the geographical origin of P. notoginseng and are readily available for nutritional recommendations in human consumption.
