Mineral Waters with a Potential to Control and Prevent Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The morbidity rate of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased alarmingly in recent years. The intake of mineral water is among the recommendations for a healthy lifestyle in overweight people. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of mineral water intake on MetS variables such as lipid status, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and antioxidant defense. The PRISMA guidelines were followed, focusing on the period from 1990 to 2024. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Among these, sixteen were randomized controlled crossover trials, one was crossover, six were interventional, and one was of a cyclic type. The included studies were divided by duration into long-term with mineral water intake for at least one month, postprandial, and treatment including mineral water intake. Mineral waters have been tested according to different protocols regarding water composition, amount consumed, with or without changes in lifestyle and diet in healthy subjects or such with impaired biochemical parameters. Regular mineral water intake may have a positive effects on lipid metabolism, blood pressure, glycemic status, and the antioxidant system. These findings can be used as an additional alternative treatment method in risk groups with MetS, obesity, or hyperglycemia.

Keywords

• mineral water
• water intake
• metabolic syndrome
• obesity
• prevention