Nephrotoxicity of checkpoint inhibitors; a current challenge

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors work by blocking the "checkpoint" mechanism that tumors use to hide from the immune system, therefore also weakening the immune system. Consequently, checkpoint inhibitors can cause autoimmune reactions, resulting in adverse effects. Prompt identification and management of adverse effects are critical for patients under checkpoint inhibitor therapy due to the potential severity and unpredictability of these immune-related adverse events.

Keywords

• checkpoint inhibitors
• nephrotoxicity
• acute kidney injury
• immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis
• checkpoint inhibitor-associated nephrotoxicity
• hypertension
• proteinuria
• hematuria
• acute renal failure