The Microbiome in Quiescent Crohn’s Disease With Persistent Symptoms Show Disruptions in Microbial Sulfur and Tryptophan Pathways

Abstract

Background and Aims: Even in the absence of inflammation, persistent symptoms in Crohn’s disease (CD) are prevalent and worsen quality of life. Amongst patients without inflammation (quiescent CD), we hypothesized that microbial community structure and function, including tryptophan metabolism, would differ between patients with persistent symptoms (qCD + S) and without persistent symptoms (qCD-S). Methods: We performed a multicenter observational study nested within the Study of a Prospective Adult Research Cohort with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Quiescent inflammation was defined by fecal calprotectin level <150 mcg/g. Persistent symptoms were defined by Crohn’s Disease Patient-Reported Outcome-2. Active CD, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, and healthy controls were included as controls. Stool samples underwent whole-genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Results: Thirty-nine patients with qCD + S, 274 qCD-S, 21 active CD, 40 diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, and 50 healthy controls were included for analysis. Patients with qCD + S had a less-diverse microbiome. Furthermore, patients with qCD + S showed significant enrichment of bacterial species that are normal inhabitants of the oral microbiome (eg Rothia dentocariosa, Fusobacterium nucleatum) and sulfidogenic microbes (eg Prevotella copri, Bilophila spp.). Depletion of important butyrate and indole producers (eg Eubacterium rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) was also noted in qCD + S. Potential metagenome-related functional changes in cysteine and methionine metabolism, ATP transport, and redox reactions were disturbed in qCD + S, also suggestive of altered sulfur metabolism. Finally, qCD + S showed significant reductions in bacterial tnaA genes, which mediate tryptophan metabolism to indole, and significant tnaA allelic variation compared with qCD-S. Conclusion: The microbiome in qCD + S showed significant differences in sulfidogenesis, butyrate producers, and typically oral microbes compared to qCD-S and active CD. These results suggest that inflammation may lead to durable microbiome alterations which may mediate persistent symptoms through testable mechanisms.

Keywords

• Quiescent Crohn’s Disease
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• Tryptophan
• Patient-Reported Outcomes
• Gut Microbiome