Cardiopulmonary exercise testing before and after intravenous iron in preoperative patients: a prospective clinical study

Abstract

Abstract Background Anemia is associated with impaired physical performance and adverse perioperative outcomes. Iron-deficiency anemia is increasingly treated with intravenous iron before elective surgery. We explored the relationship between exercise capacity, anemia, and total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass) and the response to intravenous iron in anemic patients prior to surgery. Methods A prospective clinical study was undertaken in patients having routine cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with a hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) < 130 g.l−1 and iron deficiency/depletion. Patients underwent CPET and tHb-mass measurements before and a minimum of 14 days after receiving intravenous (i.v.) Ferric derisomaltose (Monofer®) at the baseline visit. Comparative analysis of hematological and CPET variables was performed pre and post-iron treatment. Results Twenty-six subjects were recruited, of whom 6 withdrew prior to study completion. The remaining 20 (9 [45%] male; mean ± SD age 68 ± 10 years) were assessed 25 ± 7 days between baseline and the final visit. Following i.v. iron, increases were seen in [Hb] (mean ± SD) from 109 ± 14 to 116 ± 12 g l−1 (mean rise 6.4% or 7.3 g l−1, p = < 0.0001, 95% CI 4.5–10.1); tHb-mass from 497 ± 134 to 546 ± 139 g (mean rise 9.3% or 49 g, p = < 0.0001, 95% CI 29.4–69.2). Oxygen consumption at anerobic threshold ( $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O2 AT) did not change (9.1 ± 1.7 to 9.8 ± 2.5 ml kg−1 min−1, p = 0.09, 95% CI − 0.13 − 1.3). Peak oxygen consumption ( $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O2 peak) increased from 15.2 ± 4.1 to 16 ± 4.4 ml.kg.−1 min−1, p = 0.02, 95% CI 0.2–1.8) and peak work rate increased from 93 [67–112] watts to 96 [68–122] watts (p = 0.02, 95% CI 1.3–10.8). Conclusion Preoperative administration of intravenous iron to iron-deficient/deplete anemic patients is associated with increases in [Hb], tHb-mass, peak oxygen consumption, and peak work rate. Further appropriately powered prospective studies are required to ascertain whether improvements in tHb-mass and performance in turn lead to reductions in perioperative morbidity. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT 033 46213.

Keywords

• Anemia
• Intravenous iron
• Cardiopulmonary exercise testing
• CPET
• Total hemoglobin mass
• tHb-mass