Excited-State Dynamics of Carbazole and <i>tert</i>-Butyl-Carbazole in Organic Solvents

Abstract

Carbazole-based molecular units are ubiquitous in organic optoelectronic materials; however, the excited-state relaxation of these compounds is still underexplored. Here, we provide a detailed investigation of carbazole (Cz) and 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole (t-Bu-Cz) in organic solvents using femtosecond and nanosecond UV–Vis–NIR transient absorption spectroscopy, as well as time-resolved fluorescence experiments upon photoexcitation in the deep-UV range. The initially prepared Sx singlet state has a (sub-)picosecond lifetime and decays to the S1 state by internal conversion (IC). The S1 state exhibits absorption peaks at 350, 600 and 1100 nm and has a lifetime of 13–15 ns, which is weakly dependent on the solvent. Energy transfer from vibrationally hot S1 molecules (S1*) to the surrounding solvent molecules takes place with a time constant of 8–20 ps. The T1 triplet state is populated by intersystem crossing (ISC) from S1 with a typical quantum yield of 51–56% and shows a lifetime which is typically in the few microseconds regime. The S1 and T1 states of both carbazole compounds in solution are strongly quenched by O2. Two-photon excitation leads to the formation of a small amount of the respective radical cation. The influence of the tert-butyl substituents on the photophysics is relatively weak and mainly reflects itself in a small increase in the Stokes shift. The results provide important photophysical information for the interpretation of carbazole relaxation in more complex environments.

Keywords

• carbazole
• excited-state dynamics
• deep-UV ultrafast laser spectroscopy
• triplet formation