Antioxidant Enzyme Activities as Biomarkers of Cu and Pb Stress in <i>Centella asiatica</i>
Chee Kong Yap,
Wen Siang Tan,
Koe Wei Wong,
Ghim Hock Ong,
Wan Hee Cheng,
Rosimah Nulit,
Mohd. Hafiz Ibrahim,
Weiyun Chew,
Franklin Berandah Edward,
Hideo Okamura,
Khalid Awadh Al-Mutairi,
Salman Abdo Al-Shami,
Moslem Sharifinia,
Muskhazli Mustafa,
Wah June Leong,
Chen Feng You
Affiliations
Chee Kong Yap
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Wen Siang Tan
Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Koe Wei Wong
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Ghim Hock Ong
Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Wan Hee Cheng
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Rosimah Nulit
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohd. Hafiz Ibrahim
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Weiyun Chew
Centre for Pre-University Study, Level, 6, Unity Building, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
Franklin Berandah Edward
Natural Resources and Environment Board, Petra Jaya, Kuching 93050, Sarawak, Malaysia
Hideo Okamura
Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Faculty of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
Khalid Awadh Al-Mutairi
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk P.O. Box 741, Saudi Arabia
Salman Abdo Al-Shami
Indian River Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
Moslem Sharifinia
Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr 7516989177, Iran
Muskhazli Mustafa
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Wah June Leong
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
Chen Feng You
Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, No 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
The present study investigated the antioxidant enzyme activities (AEA) of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as biomarkers of Cu and Pb stress by using Centella asiatica grown in an experimental hydroponic condition. The results showed (i) higher accumulations of Cu and Pb in the roots of C. asiatica than those in the leaves, (ii) synergistic effects of Cu and Pb stress at higher metal-level exposures, and (iii) Cu and Pb stress triggered the increment of APX, CAT, GPX, and SOD levels in both the leaves and roots of C. asiatica. The increment of four AEA indicated that C. asiatica underwent oxidative stress caused by the production of reactive oxygen species when the plant was exposed to Cu and Pb. In order to prevent damages caused by Cu and Pb stress, the AEA system was heightened in C. asiatica, in which APX, CAT, GPX, and SOD can be used as biomarkers of Pb and Cu stress in the plant.
