Background incidence rates of health outcomes of interest for COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring in a US population: a claims database analysis

Abstract

Objective To evaluate background incidence rates of 59 health outcomes of interest (HOI) in a diverse population, including important subpopulations, during the pre-COVID-19 era (1 January 2017–31 December 2019) and the COVID-19 era (1 March 2020–31 December 2020), before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines.Design Observational retrospective cohort study. Annual incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of HOIs were estimated for each population of interest, stratified by: age, sex, age and sex and seasonality.Data source Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart Database (CDM).Participants Individuals from the US general population and four subgroups of interest: influenza-vaccinated, paediatric (<18 years of age), elderly (≥65 years of age) and pregnant women.Results During the COVID-19 era, the incidence of several cardiac conditions, coagulation disorders and acute liver injury increased across all populations assessed while the rates of some dermatological and neurological HOIs decreased relative to the pre-COVID-19 era. The incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) varied considerably by subgroup: among the elderly, it decreased annually during the pre-COVID-19 era but peaked during the COVID-19 era; among pregnant women, it slightly increased annually during the pre-COVID-19 era and substantially increased during the COVID-19 era; among paediatrics, it decreased annually over the entire study. The incidence of the majority of HOIs increased with age, but were generally comparable between sexes with few exceptions. Cardiac, gastrointestinal, neurological and haematological HOIs, along with acute kidney injury and ARDS, were more common in males, whereas several immunological HOIs and chilblain-like lesions were more common in females. Pregnancy-related HOIs did not increase during the COVID-19 era, except for spontaneous abortions which increased annually over the entire study.Conclusion These observations help contextualise fluctuations in background rates of adverse events noted during the COVID-19 era, and provide insight on how their use may impact safety surveillance for other vaccines.