Chemical Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosols in Monte Fenton, Punta Arenas, Chilean Southern Patagonia

Abstract

This work addresses the chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosols and precipitation in the period from May to November 2019 at Monte Fenton (53.16° S, 71.05° W, 612 m.a.s.l.), 9 km west of Punta Arenas, to study the contribution and distribution of emission sources and chemical enrichment. The main ions (Ca2+, Cl−, K+, Mg2+, Na+, NH4+, NO3− and SO42−) were studied using ion chromatography, and trace elements (Al, Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Se, Si, Ti, V and Zn) using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Ions concentration ranged from 5.0 × 10−1 to 2.9 × 104 mg/m3 for Ca2+ and Cl−, respectively; whilst the concentration of elements varied between 8.8 × 10−11 and 2.1 × 10−2 mg/m3, for crZn (crustal Zn) and Fe, respectively. The electrical conductivity (EC, mean = 32.5 µS/cm) and the pH (mean = 6.8), showed the atmosphere of the study site was relatively neutral compared to the standard pH for rain (or snow) without contamination (pH = 5.6), and presented relatively low levels of conductivity compared to the EC standards for distilled water (0.5 to 3 µS/cm) and seawater (30,000 to 60,000 µS/cm). The main contribution to aerosols in the atmosphere of Monte Fenton came from marine and lithospheric sources, followed by local anthropogenic sources such as burning firewood and/or urban waste for heating production, etc., that led to the enrichment of aerosols with high Fe, K, Mn and V content. The results of this study contribute to filling a gap in knowledge of the chemistry of atmospheric aerosols in Southern Patagonia.

Keywords

• aerosols
• atmospheric chemistry
• Patagonia
• marine aerosols
• PCA
• enrichment factors