A Complex Structure for Two-Typed Tangent Spaces

Abstract

This study concerns Riemannian manifolds with two types of tangent vectors. Let it be given that there are two subspaces of a tangent space with the property that each tangent vector has a unique decomposition as the sum of a vector in one subspace and a vector in the other subspace. Then, these tangent spaces can be complexified in such a way that the theory of the modular operator applies and that the complexified subspaces are invariant for the modular automorphism group. Notions coming from Kubo–Mori theory are introduced. In particular, the admittance function and the inner product of the Kubo–Mori theory can be generalized to the present context. The parallel transport operators are complexified as well. Suitable basis vectors are introduced. The real and imaginary contributions to the connection coefficients are identified. A version of the fluctuation–dissipation theorem links the admittance function to the path dependence of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian generator of the modular automorphism group.

Keywords

• complexified tangent spaces
• parallel transport
• modular operator
• complex connection coefficients
• Kubo–Mori theory
• admittance function