Incidence and predictors of bleeding among Egyptian patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome: Using CRUSADE risk score

Abstract

Background: Early invasive strategies; in management of acute coronary syndrome; has led to improvement of patient outcomes. However, these invasive therapies have their own risks, namely bleeding and blood transfusion.The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of bleeding, its location and severity among the study population, to correlate between the patients' characteristics and the risk profile of the patients based upon the CRUSADE risk score and increased bleeding events, and lastly; to identify the predictors of increased bleeding risk among Egyptian patients who presented with acute coronary syndrome. Methods: The study had included eight hundred and twenty-three patients referred to coronary care unit (CCU), to (Ain Shams University hospital, Specialized Ain Shams hospital, and 6th October insurance hospital) with diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome “ACS” within a period from 1/2014 till 7/2014, and they were followed up for additional three months following discharge with assessment of their bleeding risk and risk scores. Results: More bleeding events had been witnessed among the study population who were older, diabetics, had renal impairment, had peripheral vascular disease, had congestive heart failure picture at presentation; more among female sex category and more among patients receiving GPIIbIIIa antagonists. Those bleeding events had been experienced during hospital stay. Conclusion: Risk of bleeding can be evaluated using a simple risk score in both STEMI & NSTEMI patients, and across anti-coagulant strategies, providing important prognostic information. Variability in the rates of bleeding is likely based on differences in baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and invasive treatment strategies rather than specific anti-coagulation regimens. Patients at highest risk of bleeding are also at highest risk of ischaemia and thrombotic complications. Thus higher risk patients need a more careful treatment approach to maximize the efficacy of therapy and to reduce thrombotic risk while reducing the bleeding risk. Keywords: Bleeding, Acute coronary syndrome, Crusade risk score