Numerical and in vitro experimental studies for assessing the blood hematocrit and oxygenation with the dual-wavelength photoacoustics

Abstract

Assessing the blood hematocrit (Hct) and oxygenation (SO2) levels are essential for diagnosing numerous blood-related diseases. This study examines the ability of the photoacoustic (PA) technique for quantitative evaluation of these parameters. We conducted the Monte Carlo and k-Wave simulations to compute PA signals at four different optical wavelengths from test blood samples followed by rigorous in vitro experiments. This method can estimate the Hct and SO2 levels faithfully with ≥95% and ≥93% accuracies, respectively in the physiologically relevant hematocrits utilizing PA signals generated at 700 and 1000 nm optical wavelengths. A 2% decrease in the scattering anisotropy factor demotes SO2 estimation by ≈ 27%. This study provides sufficient insight into how the opto-chemical parameters of blood impact PA emission and may help to develop a PA setup for in vitro characterization of human blood.

Keywords

• Photoacoustics (PAs)
• Radiative transport equation (RTE)
• Oxygen saturation level (SO2)
• Total hemoglobin level (THB)
• Hematocrit level (Hct)
• Photoacoustic Monte-Carlo simulation (PAMC)