Characterization of plasma secretory phospholipase A2 activity in the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis)

Abstract

Abstract Background Plasma phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme activity is a key component of innate immunity in most vertebrates. We evaluated circulating secreted PLA2 activity of prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) by incubation of plasma with bacteria labeled with fluorescent membrane lipids. Results Incubation of bacteria with increasing volumes of plasma resulted in volume-dependent lysis of fatty acids from bacterial membranes. The activity was rapid, with substantial activity recorded after only 5 min of incubation with labeled bacteria, and a linear response for 20 min. In addition, the lysis activity was temperature-dependent, increasing activities from 5 to 20 °C, peak activities at 25–30 °C, and then decreasing activities from 35 to 40 °C. Furthermore, the activity was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by p-bromophenacyl bromide, a specific inhibitor of PLA2 activity, which indicated that the observed activities were due to the presence of PLA2 in the plasma of C. viridis. Conclusions This study represents the first description of secretory PLA2 activity in the plasma of a snake. Our study shows that in addition to being an important component of snake venom, PLA2 enzymes play an important role in the snake’s immune response.

Keywords

• Antimicrobial
• Crotalid
• Innate immunity
• Reptilian
• Vipers