The Development of a Smart Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Contrast Agent for the Imaging of Sulfatase Activity

Abstract

The molecular imaging of biomarkers plays an increasing role in medical diagnostics. In particular, the imaging of enzyme activity is a promising approach, as it enables the use of its inherent catalytic activity for the amplification of an imaging signal. The increased activity of a sulfatase enzyme has been observed in several types of cancers. We describe the development and in vitro evaluation of molecular imaging agents that allow for the detection of sulfatase activity using the whole-body, non-invasive MRI and CEST imaging methods. This approach relies on a responsive ligand that features a sulfate ester moiety, which upon sulfatase-catalyzed hydrolysis undergoes an elimination process that changes the functional group, coordinating with the metal ion. When Gd3+ is used as the metal, the complex can be used for MRI, showing a 25% decrease at 0.23T and a 42% decrease at 4.7T in magnetic relaxivity after enzymatic conversion, thus providing a “switch-off” contrast agent. Conversely, the use of Yb3+ as the metal leads to a “switch-on” effect in the CEST imaging of sulfatase activity. Altogether, the results presented here provide a molecular basis and a proof-of-principle for the magnetic imaging of the activity of a key cancer biomarker.

Keywords

• molecular imaging
• sulfatase
• MRI
• CEST
• responsive imaging agents