Toroidal CO₂ Plasma Sources with Low- and High-Frequency Power Coupling Configurations for Improved Energy Transfer Efficiencies

Abstract

Electrodeless Low-Frequency (LF)/Radio-Frequency (RF) plasma sources often suffer from low power coupling efficiencies due to the lack of overlapping field with the dynamic plasma load. However, the power supplies for these plasma sources typically have very high power efficiencies (>90%) and are more cost-effective compared to microwave sources. If the coupling efficiency to the plasma can be increased, these plasma sources offer a competitive technology for the sustainable electrification of the chemical industry. This work experimentally investigates five power coupling methods, applied to toroidal CO2 plasmas in a quartz vessel. The research was based on similar ferrite coupling as used in energy-efficient plasma lamps. The higher resistance of the CO2 plasma decreased the power coupling from 90% (for mercury-vapor plasma) to 66% at 1 mbar. High coupling efficiencies in LF/RF powered discharges can be achieved in two manners: either the inductance of the transformer cores can be increased, or the electromagnetic wave frequency can be increased. Furthermore, additional ferrite cores in parallel with the primary coils can be used to increase the impedance transformation. An experiment with six ferrite cores with a single primary winding in parallel, at a frequency of about 10 MHz and a power of 1 kW, showed that this frequency has a detrimental effect on the magnetic permeability and the losses in the ferrite result in a decrease of coupling to 33% at 1.5 mbar. At a frequency of 66 kHz with a nanocrystalline soft magnetic material core, a coupling of 89% was achieved in 1.5 mbar plasma for a power of 3.1 kW. This configuration exhibits decreasing coupling efficiencies at higher pressures since the plasma impedance increases, which again limits the coupling of the transformer due to a lack of inductance. The investigation of alternative coreless coil plasma configurations resulted in coupling efficiencies up to 89% decreasing to 50% at 102 mbar for a toroidal plasma enclosed by toroidally spiraling coils.

Keywords

• power coupling efficiency
• plasma-based conversion
• CO₂ dissociation
• low frequency
• radio frequency
• toroidal plasma