A Physical Protection System (PPS) protect critical assets and nuclear materials of the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) from a malicious attack to avoid an unacceptable radioactive consequence. The growing threat of terrorism makes NPPs a huge challenge. After the PPS is developed or threat updated, it must be evaluated, usually need re-design to ensure it still meets the objectives. Due to the complexity of effectiveness evaluation, the authors have developed a Virtual Force on Force System (VFFS).
