The Molecular Detection, Characterization, and Temperature Dependence of <i>Wolbachia</i> Infections in Field Populations of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Greece

Abstract

We investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of Wolbachia pipientis strains in Aedes albopictus populations in Greece. Using a combination of PCR and Sanger sequencing techniques, we genotyped Wolbachia strains in 105 mosquitoes collected across eight different administrative regions in 2021. We found a high prevalence of Wolbachia in both male (90%) and female (97%) mosquitoes. Among the infected samples, 84% had double infections with both wAlbA and wAlbB strains, while 16% had infections with only wAlbB. Our comparison of the Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) profile, employing gatB–coxA–hcpA–ftsZ–fbpA genotyping, revealed a single MLST profile for each wAlbA and wAlbB strain in Greek populations. The same MLST profiles were also reported in populations from China, Russia, and Argentina, suggesting low levels of global diversity in wAlbA and wAlbB strains. Furthermore, our results indicated a significant association between temperature and the prevalence of single infections (p = 6.498 × 10−7), with higher temperatures correlating with an increased likelihood of single infections. Although male bias showed a tendency towards single infections, the effect was marginally non-significant (p = 0.053). These results were confirmed using a bootstrap-with-replacement analysis approach. Overall, our findings offer novel insights into the distribution and species diversity of Wolbachia strains in Greek Ae. albopictus populations, emphasizing the importance of understanding the short-term plastic and adaptive responses of these organisms to environmental stressors and rapid climate change.

Keywords

• Asian tiger mosquito
• insect-borne disease
• microbial ecology
• microbiome dynamics
• pathogen vector
• MLST typing