Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous solution using Zn–C battery derived graphene oxide enhanced by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and π-π interaction

Abstract

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) derived from waste Zinc–Carbon (Zn–C) batteries was proposed for the efficient removal of antibiotics from the aqueous solution. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic was selected as a typical contaminants. GO was prepared via an economical and environment-friendly route by using carbon rods from waste Zn–C batteries as the precursor. Characterization techniques were applied to determine the properties of as prepared GO. Effects of pH, contact time, and adsorbent dose on the adsorption were explored, and an optimum condition was established. Adsorption equilibrium was established in just 20 min for maximum removal of CIP (99.0%) at pH 5.7 for the adsorbent dose of 20 mg L−1 and at the initial concentration of CIP 2.0 mg L−1. The rapid and efficient removal of CIP was greatly influenced by the electrostatic attractions, pi-pi interactions and hydrogen bonding on the surface and edge of GO which was also proved by density functional theory (DFT). Langmuir model showed the best fit among the isotherm models and the calculated maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was 419.62 mg g−1 at 30°C. The kinetic studies also revealed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model. The endothermic and spontaneous nature of adsorption was evaluated in thermodynamic studies.

Keywords

• Zn-C battery
• Graphene oxide
• Density functional theory (DFT)
• Ciprofloxacin
• Adsorption
• Kinetics