Science of Remote Sensing (Jun 2021)
Improvements in high-temporal resolution active fire detection and FRP retrieval over the Americas using GOES-16 ABI with the geostationary Fire Thermal Anomaly (FTA) algorithm
Abstract
Geostationary imaging sensors offer unique high temporal resolution capabilities with which to characterise the fast-changing dynamics of landscape fires. The new R-Series of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) are the most advanced geostationary weather satellites currently operating, and each carry the new Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) which greatly improves on the spatial, temporal and radiometric characteristics of the previous GOES Imager. Here we develop and evaluate the first landscape fire radiative power (FRP) observation system for the first of the GOES-R series (GOES-16), comparing its outputs to those generated near simultaneously from the forerunner GOES-13 Imager and from the far higher spatial resolution, but far less frequently imaging, Moderate Spatial Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Across the Americas, when examining near-simultaneous data from August to September 2017, the geostationary Fire Thermal Anomaly (FTA) algorithm originally developed for use with Meteosat’s Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI) enables GOES-16 ABI to detect substantially more (6%) active fire (AF) pixels than GOES-13 Imager, due mainly to the former sensors‘ smaller pixel area. ABI detects even greater numbers of AF pixels due to its higher temporal resolution, but here we are only comparing results from near-simultaneous imagery. The majority of fires having an FRP substantially less than ~30 MW remain undetected even by ABI, and since these are the most common fire type ABI still shows a high error of omission (68%) compared to MODIS centre of swath data (±30° scan angle). ABI AF pixel errors of commission are far lower than errors of omission however at ~12% when using MODIS as a benchmark. This appears far more favorable than results found when using the Fire Detection and Characterization (FDC) algorithm, an adaptation of the Wildfire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WF_ABBA) algorithm long-applied to GOES, which when applied to ABI data was recently assessed to have an 88% commission error. When ABI and MODIS both successfully detect a fire at the same time there is strong agreement and low bias in terms of their retrieved FRP. Overall therefore we find that the FTA approach to generating AF data from GOES-16 ABI sensor appears well performing across the Americas, and is compatible with the data from this system joining that from Meteosat, Meteosat over India Ocean and Himawari-8 to become part of the global geostationary active fire observation system now reaching maturity. The AF detection and FRP data provided from GOES-16 operating as GOES-East, and also now GOES-17 operating from the GOES-West position, are now available in near real-time for use worldwide.
