The Application of Microwaves, Ultrasounds, and Their Combination in the Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Bicyclic Heterocycles

Abstract

The use of alternative energy sources, such as microwaves (MW) or ultrasounds (US), and their mutual cross-combination have been widely described in the literature in the development of new synthetic methodologies in organic and medicinal chemistry. In this review, our attention is focused on representative examples, reported in the literature in the year range 2013–2023 of selected N-containing bicyclic heterocycles, with the aim to highlight the advantages of microwave- and ultrasound-assisted organic synthesis.

Keywords

• ultrasound
• microwave
• benzimidazole derivatives
• indole derivatives
• Imidazo[1,2-<i>a</i>]pyridines
• Imidazo[[1,2-<i>b</i>]]pyridazines