PLoS ONE (Jan 2020)

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) face-mask ventilation is an easy and cheap option to manage a massive influx of patients presenting acute respiratory failure during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: A retrospective cohort study.

  • Sophie Alviset,
  • Quentin Riller,
  • Jérôme Aboab,
  • Kelly Dilworth,
  • Pierre-Antoine Billy,
  • Yannis Lombardi,
  • Mathilde Azzi,
  • Luis Ferreira Vargas,
  • Laurent Laine,
  • Mathilde Lermuzeaux,
  • Nathalie Mémain,
  • Daniel Silva,
  • Tona Tchoubou,
  • Daria Ushmorova,
  • Hanane Dabbagh,
  • Simon Escoda,
  • Rémi Lefrançois,
  • Annelyse Nardi,
  • Armand Ngima,
  • Vincent Ioos

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240645
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 15, no. 10
p. e0240645

Abstract

Read online

IntroductionBecause of the COVID-19 pandemic, intensive care units (ICU) can be overwhelmed by the number of hypoxemic patients.Material and methodsThis single centre retrospective observational cohort study took place in a French hospital where the number of patients exceeded the ICU capacity despite an increase from 18 to 32 beds. Because of this, 59 (37%) of the 159 patients requiring ICU care were referred to other hospitals. From 27th March to 23rd April, consecutive patients who had respiratory failure or were unable to maintain an SpO2 > 90%, despite receiving 10-15 l/min of oxygen with a non-rebreather mask, were treated by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) unless the ICU physician judged that immediate intubation was indicated. We describe the characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of these patients. The main outcome under study was CPAP discontinuation.ResultsCPAP was initiated in 49 patients and performed out of ICU in 41 (84%). Median age was 65 years (IQR = 54-71) and 36 (73%) were men. Median respiratory rate before CPAP was 36 (30-40) and median SpO2 was 92% (90-95) under 10 to 15 L/min oxygen flow. Median duration of CPAP was 3 days (IQR = 1-5). Reasons for discontinuation of CPAP were: intubation in 25 (51%), improvement in 16 (33%), poor tolerance in 6 (12%) and death in 2 (4%) patients. A decision not to intubate had been taken for 8 patients, including the 2 who died while on CPAP. Two patients underwent less than one hour CPAP for poor tolerance. In the end, 15 (38%) out of 39 evaluable patients recovered with only CPAP whereas 24 (62%) were intubated.ConclusionsCPAP is feasible in a non-ICU environment in the context of massive influx of patients. In our cohort up to 1/3 of the patients presenting with acute respiratory failure recovered without intubation.