Entropy minimization of GO–Ag/KO cross-hybrid nanofluid over a convectively heated surface

Abstract

The aim of this study is to provide numerical solutions to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) cross flow with heat and mass transfer over a stretching sheet in a hybrid nanofluid with suction/injection and convective boundary conditions. This will be accomplished by presenting numeric solutions. Nanoparticles of graphene oxide and silver were suspended in kerosene oil as the base fluid taken into consideration is a nanofluid hybrid. After that, the physical flow problem is modeled as a set of partial differential equations, which are then transformed into an equivalent system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by making use of the relevant similarity transformations. To gain different graphical and numerical results for analyzing the influence of numerous physical restrictions on velocity, heat, and mass profiles, the system of ODEs is solved using the computing power of the Lobatto IIIA technique. The plot of the velocity profile, temperature, concentration, entropy generation and Bejan number with separating magnitude like that power index number (0.1<n<2.00.1\lt n\lt 2.0), Weissenberg number (0.1<We<1.00.1\lt {\rm{We}}\lt 1.0), Suction/injection (0.1<S<1.00.1\lt S\lt 1.0), Magnetic parameter (0.1 < M < 1.0), Biot number (0.1<Bi<0.30.1\lt {\rm{Bi}}\lt 0.3), Radiation parameter (0.1<Rd<2.00.1\lt {\rm{Rd}}\lt 2.0), Schmidt number (1.1<Sc<2.01.1\lt {\rm{Sc}}\lt 2.0), and Chemical reaction parameter (1.1<Sc<2.01.1\lt {\rm{Sc}}\lt 2.0). We noted that when the Weissenberg parameter (We{\rm{We}}) increases, the flow speed will increase as well. Also, the increasing values of MM slows the flow speed but the opposite effect is observed in the temperature profile. Moreover, the greater values of MM, We, and S reduced in the local skin friction. It is concluded that hybrid nanofluid is better than ordinary nanofluid by percentage values. The results are used in industry and technology in fluid-based systems with shrinkable or flexible materials, MHD flow meters, pumps, and the drawing of plastic strips. Because hybrid nanoparticles speed up the cooling process, they are important in cutting and production.

Keywords

• cross-hybrid nanofluid
• mhd flow
• kerosene oil
• thermal radiation
• stretching surface