A review of novel green adsorbents as a sustainable alternative for the remediation of chromium (VI) from water environments
Amna Anjum,
Shaukat Ali Mazari,
Zubair Hashmi,
Abdul Sattar Jatoi,
Rashid Abro,
Abdul Waheed Bhutto,
Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak,
Mohammad Hadi Dehghani,
Rama Rao Karri,
Amir Hossein Mahvi,
Simin Nasseri
Affiliations
Amna Anjum
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
Shaukat Ali Mazari
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan; Corresponding author.
Zubair Hashmi
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
Abdul Sattar Jatoi
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
Rashid Abro
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
Abdul Waheed Bhutto
Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam; Corresponding author.
Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Corresponding author. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Rama Rao Karri
Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
Amir Hossein Mahvi
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Simin Nasseri
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
The presence of heavy metal, chromium (VI), in water environments leads to various diseases in humans, such as cancer, lung tumors, and allergies. This review comparatively examines the use of several adsorbents, such as biosorbents, activated carbon, nanocomposites, and polyaniline (PANI), in terms of the operational parameters (initial chromium (VI) concentration (Co), temperature (T), pH, contact time (t), and adsorbent dosage) to achieve the Langmuir's maximum adsorption capacity (qm) for chromium (VI) adsorption. The study finds that the use of biosorbents (fruit bio-composite, fungus, leave, and oak bark char), activated carbons (HCl-treated dry fruit waste, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) PEI-KOH alkali-treated rice waste-derived biochar, and KOH/hydrochloric acid (HCl) acid/base-treated commercial), iron-based nanocomposites, magnetic manganese-multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites, copper-based nanocomposites, graphene oxide functionalized amino acid, and PANI functionalized transition metal are effective in achieving high Langmuir's maximum adsorption capacity (qm) for chromium (VI) adsorption, and that operational parameters such as initial concentration, temperature, pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage significantly affect the Langmuir's maximum adsorption capacity (qm). Magnetic graphene oxide functionalized amino acid showed the highest experimental and pseudo-second-order kinetic model equilibrium adsorption capacities. The iron oxide functionalized calcium carbonate (IO@CaCO3) nanocomposites showed the highest heterogeneous adsorption capacity. Additionally, Syzygium cumini bark biosorbent is highly effective in treating tannery industrial wastewater with high levels of chromium (VI).
