Retinoblastoma: An update on genetic origin, classification, conventional to next-generation treatment strategies
Ashutosh Pareek,
Deepanjali Kumar,
Aaushi Pareek,
Madan Mohan Gupta,
Philippe Jeandet,
Yashumati Ratan,
Vivek Jain,
Mohammad Amjad Kamal,
Muhammad Saboor,
Ghulam Md Ashraf,
Anil Chuturgoon
Affiliations
Ashutosh Pareek
Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India; Corresponding author.
Deepanjali Kumar
Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
Aaushi Pareek
Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
Madan Mohan Gupta
School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 3303, Trinidad and Tobago
Philippe Jeandet
Research Unit Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection - USC INRAe 1488, University of Reims, PO Box 1039, 51687, Reims, France
Yashumati Ratan
Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
Vivek Jain
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
Mohammad Amjad Kamal
Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China School of Nursing, Frontiers Science Centre for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China; King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh; Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
Muhammad Saboor
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
Ghulam Md Ashraf
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
Anil Chuturgoon
Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Corresponding author.
The most prevalent paediatric vision-threatening medical condition, retinoblastoma (RB), has been a global concern for a long time. Several conventional therapies, such as systemic chemotherapy and focal therapy, have been used for curative purposes; however, the search for tumour eradication with the least impact on surrounding tissues is still ongoing. This review focuses on the genetic origin, classification, conventional treatment modalities, and their combination with nano-scale delivery systems for active tumour targeting. In addition, the review also delves into ongoing clinical trials and patents, as well as emerging therapies such as gene therapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of RB. Understanding the role of genetics in the development of RB has refined its treatment strategy according to the genetic type. New approaches such as nanostructured drug delivery systems, galenic preparations, nutlin-3a, histone deacetylase inhibitors, N-MYC inhibitors, pentoxifylline, immunotherapy, gene therapy, etc. discussed in this review, have the potential to circumvent the limitations of conventional therapies and improve treatment outcomes for RB. In summary, this review highlights the importance and need for novel approaches as alternative therapies that would ultimately displace the shortcomings associated with conventional therapies and reduce the enucleation rate, thereby preserving global vision in the affected paediatric population.
