A Multiwell-Plate Caenorhabditis elegans Assay for Assessing the Therapeutic Potential of Bacteriophages against Clinical Pathogens

Abstract

ABSTRACT In order to establish phage therapy as a standard clinical treatment for bacterial infections, testing of every phage to ensure the suitability and safety of the biological compound is required. While some issues have been addressed over recent years, standard and easy-to-use animal models to test phages are still rare. Testing of phages in highly suitable mammalian models such as mice is subjected to strict ethical regulations, while insect larvae such as the Galleria mellonella model suffer from batch-to-batch variations and require manual operator skills to inject bacteria, resulting in unreliable experimental outcomes. A much simpler model is the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which feeds on bacteria, a fast growing and easy to handle organism that can be used in high-throughput screening. In this study, two clinical bacterial strains of Escherichia coli, one Klebsiella pneumoniae, and one Enterobacter cloacae strain were tested on the model system together with lytic bacteriophages that we isolated previously. We developed a liquid-based assay, in which the efficiency of phage treatment was evaluated using a scoring system based on microscopy and counting of the nematodes, allowing increasing statistical significance compared to other assays such as larvae or mice. Our work demonstrates the potential to use Caenorhabditis elegans to test the virulence of strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and EHEC/EPEC as well as the efficacy of bacteriophages to treat or prevent infections, allowing a more reliable evaluation for the clinical therapeutic potential of lytic phages. IMPORTANCE Validating the efficacy and safety of phages prior to clinical application is crucial to see phage therapy in practice. Current animal models include mice and insect larvae, which pose ethical or technical challenges. This study examined the use of the nematode model organism C. elegans as a quick, reliable, and simple alternative for testing phages. The data show that all the four tested bacteriophages can eliminate bacterial pathogens and protect the nematode from infections. Survival rates of the nematodes increased from 90% in the phage treatment group. Even the nematodes with poly-microbial infections recovered during phage cocktail treatment. The use of C. elegans as a simple whole-animal infection model is a rapid and robust way to study the efficacy of phages before testing them on more complex model animals such as mice.

Keywords

• phage therapy
• animal infection model
• Caenorhabditis elegans
• phage efficacy
• bacterial pathogens
• bacteriophage therapy