The association between tobacco use and COVID-19 in Qatar

Abstract

The effects of smoking on COVID-19 are controversial. Some studies show no link between smoking and severe COVID-19, whereas others demonstrate a significant link. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the prevalence of tobacco use among COVID-19 patients, examine the relationship between tobacco use and hospitalized COVID-19 (non-severe and severe), and quantify its risk factors. A random sample of 7430 COVID-19 patients diagnosed between 27 February-30 May 2020 in Qatar were recruited over the telephone to complete an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The prevalence of tobacco smoking in the total sample was 11.0%, with 12.6% among those quarantined, 5.7% among hospitalized patients, and 2.5% among patients with severe COVID-19. Smokeless tobacco and e-cigarette use were reported by 3.2% and 0.6% of the total sample, respectively. We found a significant lower risk for hospitalization and severity of COVID-19 among current tobacco smokers (p < 0.001) relative to non-smokers (never and ex-smokers). Risk factors significantly related to an increased risk of being hospitalized with COVID-19 were older age (aged 55 + ), being male, non-Qatari, and those with heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, cancer, and chronic renal disease. Smokeless tobacco use, older age (aged 55 + ), being male, non-Qatari, previously diagnosed with heart disease and diabetes were significant risk factors for severe COVID-19. Our data suggests that only smokeless tobacco users may be at an increased risk for severe disease, yet this requires further investigation as other studies have reported smoking to be associated with an increased risk of greater disease severity.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• Tobacco
• Smoking
• Smokeless
• Electronic cigarettes
• Qatar