Frontiers in Public Health (Mar 2022)
Factors Associated With Experiences of Fear, Anxiety, Depression, and Changes in Sleep Pattern During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Adults in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan,
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan,
- Olanrewaju Ibigbami,
- Brandon Brown,
- Brandon Brown,
- Maha El Tantawi,
- Maha El Tantawi,
- Nourhan M. Aly,
- Nourhan M. Aly,
- Oliver C. Ezechi,
- Oliver C. Ezechi,
- Giuliana Florencia Abeldaño,
- Giuliana Florencia Abeldaño,
- Eshrat Ara,
- Eshrat Ara,
- Martin Amogre Ayanore,
- Martin Amogre Ayanore,
- Passent Ellakany,
- Passent Ellakany,
- Balgis Gaffar,
- Balgis Gaffar,
- Nuraldeen Maher Al-Khanati,
- Nuraldeen Maher Al-Khanati,
- Ifeoma Idigbe,
- Ifeoma Idigbe,
- Mohammed Jafer,
- Mohammed Jafer,
- Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan,
- Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan,
- Zumama Khalid,
- Zumama Khalid,
- Folake Barakat Lawal,
- Folake Barakat Lawal,
- Joanne Lusher,
- Joanne Lusher,
- Ntombifuthi P. Nzimande,
- Ntombifuthi P. Nzimande,
- Bamidele Olubukola Popoola,
- Bamidele Olubukola Popoola,
- Mir Faeq Ali Quadri,
- Mir Faeq Ali Quadri,
- Mark Roque,
- Mark Roque,
- Ala'a B. Al-Tammemi,
- Ala'a B. Al-Tammemi,
- Muhammad Abrar Yousaf,
- Muhammad Abrar Yousaf,
- Jorma I. Virtanen,
- Jorma I. Virtanen,
- Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga,
- Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga,
- Nicaise Ndembi,
- Nicaise Ndembi,
- John N. Nkengasong,
- John N. Nkengasong,
- Annie Lu Nguyen,
- Annie Lu Nguyen
Affiliations
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Olanrewaju Ibigbami
- Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Brandon Brown
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Brandon Brown
- Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health, Riverside School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Maha El Tantawi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Maha El Tantawi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Nourhan M. Aly
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Nourhan M. Aly
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Oliver C. Ezechi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Oliver C. Ezechi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Giuliana Florencia Abeldaño
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Giuliana Florencia Abeldaño
- School of Medicine, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Eshrat Ara
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Eshrat Ara
- Government College for Women, Srinagar, India
- Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Passent Ellakany
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Passent Ellakany
- 0Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Balgis Gaffar
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Balgis Gaffar
- 1Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Nuraldeen Maher Al-Khanati
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Nuraldeen Maher Al-Khanati
- 2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria
- Ifeoma Idigbe
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Ifeoma Idigbe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Mohammed Jafer
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Mohammed Jafer
- 3Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Saudi Arabia Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Jazan University, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan
- 4Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Zumama Khalid
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Zumama Khalid
- 4Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Folake Barakat Lawal
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Folake Barakat Lawal
- 5Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Joanne Lusher
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Joanne Lusher
- 6Director of People and Member of the Provost's Group, Regent's University, London, United Kingdom
- Ntombifuthi P. Nzimande
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Ntombifuthi P. Nzimande
- 7Department of Economic and Social Geography, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Bamidele Olubukola Popoola
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Bamidele Olubukola Popoola
- 8Department of Child Oral Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- 9Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Dental Public Health, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
- Mark Roque
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Mark Roque
- 0Department of Maternity and Childhood Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Ala'a B. Al-Tammemi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Ala'a B. Al-Tammemi
- 1Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration (IOM), The UN Migration Agency, Amman, Jordan
- Muhammad Abrar Yousaf
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Muhammad Abrar Yousaf
- 2Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Jorma I. Virtanen
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Jorma I. Virtanen
- 3Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga
- 4Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Nicaise Ndembi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Nicaise Ndembi
- 5Africa Centres for Disese Control and Preventon, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- John N. Nkengasong
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- John N. Nkengasong
- 5Africa Centres for Disese Control and Preventon, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Annie Lu Nguyen
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Annie Lu Nguyen
- 6Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.779498
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 10
Abstract
BackgroundMultiple facets of the pandemic can be a source of fear, depression, anxiety and can cause changes in sleep patterns. The aim of this study was to identify health profiles and the COVID-19 pandemic related factors associated with fear, depression, anxiety and changes in sleep pattern in adults in Nigeria.MethodsThe data for this analysis was extracted from a cross-sectional online survey that collected information about mental health and well-ness from a convenience sample of adults 18 years and above resident in Nigeria from July to December 2020. Study participants were asked to complete an anonymous, closed-ended online questionnaire that solicited information on sociodemographic profile, health profiles (high, moderate and low COVID-19 infection risk profile) including HIV status, COVID-19 status, and self-reported experiences of fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns.ResultsIn total, 4,439 participants with mean age of 38.3 (±11.6) years responded to the survey. Factors associated with higher odds of having COVID-19 related fear were health risk (p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 3.88; 95% CI: 3.22–4.69); having COVID-19 symptoms but not tested (AOR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.30–1.99); having a friend who tested positive to COVID-19 (AOR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07–1.53) and knowing someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.24–1.65). The odds of feeling anxious was significantly higher for those with moderate or low health risk profile (p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.32–2.04); had a friend who tested positive for COVID-19 (AOR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08–1.68) or knew someone who died from COVID-19 (AOR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.28–1.84). The odds of feeling depressed was significantly higher for those with health risk profile (p < 0.05); living with HIV (AOR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.89–3.28); and respondents who had COVID-19 symptoms but had not taken a test (AOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.02–1.94). Factors associated with higher odds of having sleep pattern changes were having moderate and low health risk profiles (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe study findings suggest that the pandemic may cause fear, anxiety, depression and changes in sleep patterns differently for people with different health profile, HIV status and COVID-19 status.
Keywords