Efficacy of <i>Salmonella</i> Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection
Janeth Gomez-Garcia,
Alejandra Chavez-Carbajal,
Nallelyt Segundo-Arizmendi,
Miriam G. Baron-Pichardo,
Susana E. Mendoza-Elvira,
Efren Hernandez-Baltazar,
Alexander P. Hynes,
Oscar Torres-Angeles
Affiliations
Janeth Gomez-Garcia
Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
Alejandra Chavez-Carbajal
Departament of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
Nallelyt Segundo-Arizmendi
Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
Miriam G. Baron-Pichardo
Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
Susana E. Mendoza-Elvira
Laboratory of Virology Postgraduate Field 1, Cuautitlán School of Higher Studies, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1st May Avenue, Sta María Guadalupe las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico
Efren Hernandez-Baltazar
Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
Alexander P. Hynes
Departament of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
Oscar Torres-Angeles
Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
Modern bacteriophage encapsulation methods based on polymers such as alginate have been developed recently for their use in phage therapy for veterinary purposes. In birds, it has been proven that using this delivery system allows the release of the bacteriophage in the small intestine, the site of infection by Salmonella spp. This work designed an approach for phage therapy using encapsulation by ionotropic gelation of the lytic bacteriophage S1 for Salmonella enterica in 2% w/v alginate beads using 2% w/v calcium chloride as crosslinking agent. This formulation resulted in beads with an average size of 3.73 ± 0.04 mm and an encapsulation efficiency of 70%. In vitro, the beads protected the bacteriophages from pH 3 and released them at higher pH. To confirm that this would protect the bacteriophages from gastrointestinal pH changes, we tested the phage infectivity in vivo assay. Using a model chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, we confirmed that after 3 h of the beads delivery, infective phages were present in the chicken’s duodenal and caecal sections. This study demonstrates that our phage formulation is an effective system for release and delivery of bacteriophage S1 against Salmonella Enteritidis with potential use in the poultry sector.
