Abiotic and Biotic Factors Controlling Grain Aroma along Value Chain of Fragrant Rice: A Review
Ayut Kongpun,
Tonapha Pusadee,
Pennapa Jaksomsak,
Kawiporn Chinachanta,
Patcharin Tuiwong,
Phukjira Chan-In,
Sawika Konsaeng,
Wasu Pathom-Aree,
Suchila Utasee,
Benjamaporn Wangkaew,
Chanakan Prom-U-Thai
Affiliations
Ayut Kongpun
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin 46000, Thailand;
Tonapha Pusadee
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
Pennapa Jaksomsak
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
Kawiporn Chinachanta
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
Patcharin Tuiwong
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
Phukjira Chan-In
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
Sawika Konsaeng
Program in Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand;
Wasu Pathom-Aree
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
Suchila Utasee
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
Benjamaporn Wangkaew
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
Chanakan Prom-U-Thai
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;; Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Corresponding author: Chanakan Prom-U-Thai
The aroma of fragrant rice is one of the grain quality attributes that significantly influence consumer preferences and prices in world markets. The volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is recognized as a key component of the aroma in fragrant rice. The variation in grain 2AP content among various fragrant rice varieties is associated with the expression of the badh2 gene, with 19 alleles having been identified so far. The grain 2AP content is strongly influenced by environmental and management factors during cultivation as well as post-harvest conditions. This review pinpointed the major abiotic and biotic factors that control grain 2AP content. Abiotic factors refer to water, temperature, light quality, fertilizer application (both macro- and micro-nutrients), and soil properties, including salinity, while biotic factors include microorganisms that produce aromatic compounds, thus influencing the grain aroma in fragrant rice. Post-harvest management, including storage and drying conditions, can significantly impact the grain 2AP content, and proper post-harvest conditions can intensify the grain aroma. This review suggests that there are rice varieties that can serve as potential sources of genetic material for breeding rice varieties with high grain aroma content. It offers an overview of recent research on the major factors affecting the aroma content in fragrant rice. This knowledge will facilitate further research on the production of high-quality rice to meet the demands of farmers and consumers.
