Epizootics of entomopathogenic fungi at overwintering sites of Oebalus mexicana Sailer (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) from Western Mexico

Abstract

Abstract Background Oebalus mexicana Sailer (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an important pest of sorghum in Central-Western Mexico. In addition to damaging the grain, it is a vector of the panicle blight, Fusarium moniliforme. Oebalus mexicana hibernates at > 2200 m above sea level (masl), and its control in these sites is through entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). Their effectiveness could be misperceived as natural epizootics at hibernation sites. To characterize fungal epizootics associated with hibernating adults of O. mexicana, during 2019 and part of 2020, a study was established in the Zináparo hill, Michoacan, Mexico. Three sampling strata were defined—two at low (2219 masl) and high levels of elevation (2351 masl), and another one at intermediate elevation (2244 masl) and soil humidity most of the year. Under the leaf litter, live arthropods and corpses with and without mycosis were recorded every 2 weeks; associated EPF were isolated and identified. Soil humidity, temperature, and RH under the litter were recorded. Results Six genera of fungi were identified, with Beauveria being the most prevalent. Mortality of O. mexicana in the field was > 80%, with a high correlation (r = 0.85–0.97) with mortality due to fungi (> 65%). The humidity of soil and litter created a suitable environment for the development of epizootics. The highest prevalence was registered at the elevations of 2244, 2351, and 2219 masl, respectively. More than 15 families of arthropods were registered, several of them with the presence of mycosis. Their permanence as alternate hosts contributed to the persistence of the fungi. Field and laboratory evidences suggested that the frequent flights of O. mexicana favoured the self-dissemination of EPF. Thus, more than 37% of live individuals with inoculum and subsequent infection and death were recorded. Conclusions The EPF disease at overwintering sites of O. mexicana was enzootic, and under favourable conditions it can become epizootic. The high levels of natural control in hibernation sites suggest that additional control measures for O. mexicana are unnecessary; on the contrary, the conservation of these sites as reservoirs of EPF is proposed for a sustainable use in the management of this and other pests.

Keywords

• Sorghum
• Oebalus mexicana
• Insect overwintering
• Epidemics
• Beauveria