Microorganisms (Sep 2024)

The Epidemiology of PCR-Confirmed Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Israel: A Nationwide Study

  • Dror Avni,
  • Michal Solomon,
  • Merav Strauss,
  • Orli Sagi,
  • Violeta Temper,
  • Ayelet Michael-Gayego,
  • Tal Meningher,
  • Emily Avitan-Hersh,
  • Moran Szwarcwort-Cohen,
  • Jacob Moran-Gilad,
  • Ayelet Ollech,
  • Eli Schwartz

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12101950
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 12, no. 10
p. 1950

Abstract

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Background: Leishmaniasis, mainly cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), is endemic in Israel. In recent years, the diagnosis of leishmaniasis has transitioned to a molecular diagnosis. Objective: To summarize all cases of leishmaniasis and the identified species seen in Israel based on molecular diagnosis. Methods: A retrospective study was performed of patients diagnosed with leishmaniasis between January 2017 and December 2022. All five medical centers in Israel in which Leishmania diagnosis is performed were included: Soroka, HaEmek, Hadassah, Rambam, and Sheba, all utilized molecular diagnostic methods. Data on the annual number of cases, species, age, and gender were retrieved. Results: During the years 2017–2022, a total of 4168 cases of leishmaniasis were diagnosed, which corresponds with ~7/100,000 inhabitants. L. (L.) major and L. (L.) tropica accounted for 84% and 14%, respectively. During the years 2020–2021, L. (L.) infantum emerged as a new form of cutaneous disease [2.7% of cases during this period]. Visceral L. (L.) infantum was found in five cases. Imported New World leishmaniasis accounted for 1% of the cases. L. (L.) major affected more males (67%) while L. (L.) tropica commonly affected more children and caused more facial lesions. Conclusions: The mean annual number of cases during these years is ~700. The dominant species is L. (L.) major. Since 2020, cutaneous L. (L.) infantum is an emerging infection in Israel.

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