Self-Management Analysis in Chronic Conditions (SMACC) checklist: an international consensus-based tool to develop, compare and evaluate self-management support programmes
Cynthia Engels,
Dominique Van de Velde,
Ton Satink,
Ursula Costa,
Daniela Senn,
Patricia De Vriendt,
Aileen Bergström,
Maria Rodriguez-Bailon,
Timothy Moreels,
Ellen Cruyt,
Stijn De Baets,
Lore Andries,
Magelien Arts-Tielemans,
Kyara Boete,
Iris Bormans,
Hanne Declercq,
Sari Dekelver,
Virginie Dekyvere,
Eva Delooz,
Sam Helderweirt,
Mike Jarrey,
Anneleen Lenaerts,
Anneleen Leyman,
Kee Hean Lim,
Louise Meynen,
Freya Schoenmakers,
Lise Slembrouck,
Emma Van Meensel,
Dani Vangenechten,
Bram Van Paepeghem
Affiliations
Cynthia Engels
Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Unit, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
Dominique Van de Velde
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Ton Satink
3HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Ursula Costa
Occupational Science, Health University of Applied Science Tyrol, Tyrol, Austria
Daniela Senn
Occupational Therapy, ZHAW School of Health Professions, Winterthur, Switzerland
Patricia De Vriendt
Department of Gerontology and Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
Aileen Bergström
Karolinska Institutet Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Stockholm, Sweden
Maria Rodriguez-Bailon
Physiotherapy (Occupational Therapy), Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
Timothy Moreels
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Ellen Cruyt
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Stijn De Baets
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Lore Andries
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Magelien Arts-Tielemans
Department of Occupational Therapy, HAN University of Applied Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Kyara Boete
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Iris Bormans
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Hanne Declercq
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Sari Dekelver
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Virginie Dekyvere
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Eva Delooz
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Sam Helderweirt
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Mike Jarrey
Occupational Therapy, Artevelde University College, Ghent, Belgium
Anneleen Lenaerts
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Anneleen Leyman
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Kee Hean Lim
Department of Health Sciences, St Mary`s Hospital Medical School, London, UK
Louise Meynen
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Freya Schoenmakers
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Lise Slembrouck
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Emma Van Meensel
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Dani Vangenechten
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Bram Van Paepeghem
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
Objectives The Self-Management Analysis in Chronic Conditions (SMACC) checklist was developed as a guidance tool to support the development, comparison and evaluation of self-management support programmes for persons with a chronic condition. The checklist was based on a previously performed concept analysis of self-management. The aim of this study was to validate its content using an international Delphi study and to deliver a final version.Design A two-round Delphi study was conducted between October 2022 and January 2023. Using the researchers’ networks, professionals with research or clinical expertise in self-management support and chronic conditions were recruited via online purposive snowball sampling. Participants were asked to score each item of the checklist (16 items total) on 3 content validity indicators: (1) clarity and comprehensibility, (2) relevance and importance and (3) degree of alignment with the overall goal of the checklist to promote adequate and comprehensive self-management support programmes. A consensus threshold of 75% agreement was used. The participants were also asked general questions about the checklist as a whole and were asked to provide feedback considering its refinement.Results Fifty-four professionals with an average 14.5 years of experience participated in round 1, 48 with an average 12.5 years of experience participated in round 2. The majority of professionals were from Western Europe. For the majority of items consensus was reached after round 1. In round 2, 3 of the 4 remaining items reached consensus, 1 last item was retained based on highly recurring feedback.Conclusions The SMACC checklist was considered a valid and comprehensive tool to aid the development, evaluation and comparison of self-management support programmes. It was acknowledged as a useful instrument to supplement existing frameworks and was seen as feasible to implement in both research and clinical settings. Further validation in the field, with input from patients and peer experts, will be valuable.
