Assessment of Factors Affecting the Difficulty of Caudal Epidural Injections in Adults Using Ultrasound

Affiliations

Young Hoon Kim: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Hue Jung Park: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Sungkun Cho: Department of Psychology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
Dong Eon Moon: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In unaided caudal epidural block (CEB), incorrect needle insertion has been reported to occur in 15% to 38% of attempts.