Energy Storage Performance of Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃–CaHfO₃ Lead-Free Ceramics Regulated by Defect Engineering

Abstract

Over the past decades, Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT)-based ceramics have received increasing attention in energy storage applications due to their high power density and relatively large maximum polarization. However, their high remnant polarization (Pr) and low breakdown field strength are detrimental for their practical applications. In this paper, a new solid solution (1−x)Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–xCaHfO3 (x = 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16) was constructed by introducing CaHfO3 into NBT, and thus was prepared using a conventional solid-state reaction. With the addition of CaHfO3, the disorder of the structure increased, A-site vacancies formed, and thus oxygen vacancies were suppressed due to the replacement of the Na+ by Ca2+, resulting in the enhanced relaxation behavior and the reduced Pr, the refined grain, and improved breakdown strength. Furthermore, an optimal recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) of 1.2 J/cm3 was achieved in 0.92Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–0.08CaHfO3 ceramics under the breakdown strength of 140 kV/cm, which is mainly attributed to the resultant defect of Na+ vacancy.

Keywords

• NBT
• lead-free ceramics
• defect engineering
• energy storage density