Discrete and Semi-Discrete Multidimensional Solitons and Vortices: Established Results and Novel Findings

Abstract

This article presents a concise survey of basic discrete and semi-discrete nonlinear models, which produce two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) solitons, and a summary of the main theoretical and experimental results obtained for such solitons. The models are based on the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) equations and their generalizations, such as a system of discrete Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) equations with the Lee–Huang–Yang corrections, the 2D Salerno model (SM), DNLS equations with long-range dipole–dipole and quadrupole–quadrupole interactions, a system of coupled discrete equations for the second-harmonic generation with the quadratic (χ(2)) nonlinearity, a 2D DNLS equation with a superlattice modulation opening mini-gaps, a discretized NLS equation with rotation, a DNLS coupler and its PT-symmetric version, a system of DNLS equations for the spin–orbit-coupled (SOC) binary Bose–Einstein condensate, and others. The article presents a review of the basic species of multidimensional discrete modes, including fundamental (zero-vorticity) and vortex solitons, their bound states, gap solitons populating mini-gaps, symmetric and asymmetric solitons in the conservative and PT-symmetric couplers, cuspons in the 2D SM, discrete SOC solitons of the semi-vortex and mixed-mode types, 3D discrete skyrmions, and some others.

Keywords

• nonlinear optics
• Bose–Einstein condensates
• lattice dynamics
• nonlinear Schrödinger equations
• vortices
• skyrmions