Evaluation of the psychometrics of the Social Impact Scale and its association with depression among asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers
Rongxi Wang,
Zuxin Wang,
Dake Shi,
Liling Xu,
Yujie Liu,
Shangbin Liu,
Hui Chen,
Yingjie Chen,
Danni Xia,
Xin Ge,
Huifang Xu,
Yufei Chen,
Zhiqiang Wang,
Ruijie Chang,
Fan Hu,
Tian Shen,
Ying Wang,
Yong Cai
Affiliations
Rongxi Wang
Public Health Department, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; Department of Scientific Research and Disciplinary Development, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, China; and School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Zuxin Wang
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Dake Shi
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; and Department of Infection Control, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Liling Xu
Public Health Department, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Yujie Liu
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Shangbin Liu
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Hui Chen
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Yingjie Chen
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Danni Xia
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Xin Ge
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Huifang Xu
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Yufei Chen
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Zhiqiang Wang
School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
Ruijie Chang
Public Health Department, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; and Center for Community Health Care, Hospital Development Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Fan Hu
Public Health Department, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; and Center for Community Health Care, Hospital Development Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Tian Shen
Public Health Department, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; and Center for Community Health Care, Hospital Development Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Ying Wang
Public Health Department, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; and Center for Community Health Care, Hospital Development Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Public Health Department, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China; and Center for Community Health Care, Hospital Development Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Background COVID-19 carriers experience psychological stresses and mental health issues such as varying degrees of stigma. The Social Impact Scale (SIS) can be used to measure the stigmatisation of COVID-19 carriers who experience such problems. Aims To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the SIS, and the association between stigma and depression among asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers in Shanghai, China. Method A total of 1283 asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers from Shanghai Ruijin Jiahe Fangcang Shelter Hospital were recruited, with a mean age of 39.64 ± 11.14 years (59.6% male). Participants completed questionnaires, including baseline information and psychological measurements, the SIS and Self-Rating Depression Scale. The psychometrics of the SIS and its association with depression were examined through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results The average participant SIS score was 42.66 ± 14.61 (range: 24–96) years. Analyses suggested the model had four factors: social rejection, financial insecurity, internalised shame and social isolation. The model fit statistics of the four-factor SIS were 0.913 for the comparative fit index, 0.902 for the Tucker–Lewis index and 0.088 for root-mean-square error of approximation. Standard estimated factor loadings ranged from 0.509 to 0.836. After controlling for demographic characteristics, the total score of the 23-item SIS predicted depression (odds ratio: 1.087, 95% CI 1.061–1.115; area under the curve: 0.84, 95% CI 0.788–0.892). Conclusions The Chinese version of the SIS showed good psychometric properties and can be used to assess the level of perceived stigma experienced by asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers.
