Two Argan Oil Phytosterols, Schottenol and Spinasterol, Attenuate Oxidative Stress and Restore LPS-Dysregulated Peroxisomal Functions in <em>Acox1<sup>−/−</sup></em> and Wild-Type BV-2 Microglial Cells
Soukaina Essadek,
Catherine Gondcaille,
Stéphane Savary,
Mohammad Samadi,
Joseph Vamecq,
Gérard Lizard,
Riad El Kebbaj,
Norbert Latruffe,
Alexandre Benani,
Boubker Nasser,
Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki,
Pierre Andreoletti
Affiliations
Soukaina Essadek
Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat 26000, Morocco
Catherine Gondcaille
Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
Stéphane Savary
Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
Mohammad Samadi
Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Multi-Scale Approach to Complex Environments, Department of Chemistry, University Lorraine, 57070 Metz, France
Joseph Vamecq
Inserm and HMNO, CBP, CHRU Lille, and RADEME EA 7364, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lille 2, 59045 Lille, France
Gérard Lizard
Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
Riad El Kebbaj
Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan 1st University, Settat 26000, Morocco
Norbert Latruffe
Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
Alexandre Benani
CSGA—Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS—Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRAE—Institut National de Recherche pour L’agriculture, L’alimentation et L’environnement, Institut Agro Dijon, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
Boubker Nasser
Laboratory of Biochimistry, Neuroscience, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan I, Settat 26000, Morocco
Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
Pierre Andreoletti
Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
Oxidative stress and inflammation are the key players in neuroinflammation, in which microglia dysfunction plays a central role. Previous studies suggest that argan oil attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, and peroxisome dysfunction in mouse brains. In this study, we explored the effects of two major argan oil (AO) phytosterols, Schottenol (Schot) and Spinasterol (Spina), on oxidative stress, inflammation, and peroxisomal dysfunction in two murine microglial BV-2 cell lines, wild-ype (Wt) and Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1)-deficient cells challenged with LPS treatment. Herein, we used an MTT test to reveal no cytotoxicity for both phytosterols with concentrations up to 5 µM. In the LPS-activated microglial cells, cotreatment with each of these phytosterols caused a significant decrease in intracellular ROS production and the NO level released in the culture medium. Additionally, Schot and Spina were able to attenuate the LPS-dependent strong induction of Il-1β and Tnf-α mRNA levels, as well as the iNos gene and protein expression in both Wt and Acox1−/− microglial cells. On the other hand, LPS treatment impacted both the peroxisomal antioxidant capacity and the fatty acid oxidation pathway. However, both Schot and Spina treatments enhanced ACOX1 activity in the Wt BV-2 cells and normalized the catalase activity in both Wt and Acox1−/− microglial cells. These data suggest that Schot and Spina can protect cells from oxidative stress and inflammation and their harmful consequences for peroxisomal functions and the homeostasis of microglial cells. Collectively, our work provides a compelling argument for the protective mechanisms of two major argan oil phytosterols against LPS-induced brain neuroinflammation.