Clinical practice of intraoperative ultrasound in brain tumor surgery

Abstract

Intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) is a low⁃cost, portable and user⁃friendly auxiliary tool in brain tumor surgery, yet there is a lack of standardized operational guidelines. This review begins with the ultrasound physics and summarizes the workflow of iUS, followed by a grading system for ultrasonographic visibility of intracerebral lesions, iUS in assessing brain tumor resection, the limitations of iUS⁃guided brain tumor resection, multimodal ultrasound imaging, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in iUS. This review shows the clinical practice of iUS in brain tumor surgery from multiple perspectives and proposes practical standards.

Keywords

• brain neoplasms
• ultrasonography
• monitoring，intraoperative
• multimodal imaging
• review