Extracellular Particles as Carriers of Cholesterol Not Associated with Lipoproteins
Sergey Landa,
Nicolay Verlov,
Natalia Fedorova,
Mikhail Filatov,
Rimma Pantina,
Vladimir Burdakov,
Elena Varfolomeeva,
Vladimir Emanuel
Affiliations
Sergey Landa
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
Nicolay Verlov
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
Natalia Fedorova
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
Mikhail Filatov
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
Rimma Pantina
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
Vladimir Burdakov
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
Elena Varfolomeeva
Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
Vladimir Emanuel
Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, St. Petersburg State Medical University, I.P. Pavlova of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 9, Lev Tolstoy St., 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
Exosomes and exomeres are the smallest microparticles ranging from 20 to 130 nm in diameter. They are found in almost all biological fluids. Exosomes and exomeres are of considerable interest since they can be involved in intercellular signaling and are biological markers of the state of cells, which can be used for diagnostics. The nomenclature of exosomes remains poorly developed. Most researchers try to classify them based on the mode of formation, physicochemical characteristics, and the presence of tetrasporin markers CD9, CD63, and CD81. The data presented in this work show that although exomeres carry tetrasporin biomarkers, they differ from exosomes strongly in lipid composition, especially in cholesterol content. The production of exomeres by cells is associated with the synthesis of cholesterol in cells and is expressed or suppressed by regulators of the synthesis of mevalonate, an intermediate product of cholesterol metabolism. In addition, the work shows that the concentration of extracellular particles in the body correlates with the concentration of cholesterol in the plasma, but weakly correlates with the concentration of cholesterol in lipoproteins. This suggests that not all plasma cholesterol is associated with lipoproteins, as previously thought.
