The Astronomical Journal (Jan 2023)
The Extreme Stellar-signals Project. III. Combining Solar Data from HARPS, HARPS-N, EXPRES, and NEID
- Lily L. Zhao,
- Xavier Dumusque,
- Eric B. Ford,
- Joe Llama,
- Annelies Mortier,
- Megan Bedell,
- Khaled Al Moulla,
- Chad F. Bender,
- Cullen H. Blake,
- John M. Brewer,
- Andrew Collier Cameron,
- Rosario Cosentino,
- Pedro Figueira,
- Debra A. Fischer,
- Adriano Ghedina,
- Manuel Gonzalez,
- Samuel Halverson,
- Shubham Kanodia,
- David W. Latham,
- Andrea S. J. Lin,
- Gaspare Lo Curto,
- Marcello Lodi,
- Sarah E. Logsdon,
- Christophe Lovis,
- Suvrath Mahadevan,
- Andrew Monson,
- Joe P. Ninan,
- Francesco Pepe,
- Rachael M. Roettenbacher,
- Arpita Roy,
- Nuno C. Santos,
- Christian Schwab,
- Guđmundur Stefánsson,
- Andrew E. Szymkowiak,
- Ryan C. Terrien,
- Stephane Udry,
- Sam A. Weiss,
- François Wildi,
- Thibault Wildi,
- Jason T. Wright
Affiliations
- Lily L. Zhao
- ORCiD
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA ; [email protected]
- Xavier Dumusque
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department of the University of Geneva , 51 ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- Eric B. Ford
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Institute for Computational & Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Joe Llama
- ORCiD
- Lowell Observatory , 1400 W. Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
- Annelies Mortier
- ORCiD
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Megan Bedell
- ORCiD
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA ; [email protected]
- Khaled Al Moulla
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department of the University of Geneva , 51 ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- Chad F. Bender
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Cullen H. Blake
- ORCiD
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , 209 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- John M. Brewer
- ORCiD
- Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, San Francisco State University , 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Andrew Collier Cameron
- ORCiD
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, KY169SS, UK; Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, KY169SS, UK
- Rosario Cosentino
- ORCiD
- Fundación Galileo Galilei-INAF , Rambla José Ana Fernandez Pérez 7, E-38712 Breña Baja, Tenerife, Spain
- Pedro Figueira
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department of the University of Geneva , 51 ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto , CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
- Debra A. Fischer
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Yale University , 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Adriano Ghedina
- ORCiD
- Fundación Galileo Galilei-INAF , Rambla José Ana Fernandez Pérez 7, E-38712 Breña Baja, Tenerife, Spain
- Manuel Gonzalez
- Fundación Galileo Galilei-INAF , Rambla José Ana Fernandez Pérez 7, E-38712 Breña Baja, Tenerife, Spain
- Samuel Halverson
- ORCiD
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
- Shubham Kanodia
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science , 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA
- David W. Latham
- ORCiD
- Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Andrea S. J. Lin
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Gaspare Lo Curto
- ORCiD
- European Southern Observatory , Av. Alonso de Cordova 3107, Casilla 19001, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Marcello Lodi
- ORCiD
- Fundación Galileo Galilei-INAF , Rambla José Ana Fernandez Pérez 7, E-38712 Breña Baja, Tenerife, Spain
- Sarah E. Logsdon
- ORCiD
- NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Christophe Lovis
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department of the University of Geneva , 51 ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- Suvrath Mahadevan
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics & Astrophysics , Zurich, Switzerland
- Andrew Monson
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Joe P. Ninan
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
- Francesco Pepe
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department of the University of Geneva , 51 ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- Rachael M. Roettenbacher
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , 1085 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Arpita Roy
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Nuno C. Santos
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto , CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Christian Schwab
- ORCiD
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University , Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
- Guđmundur Stefánsson
- ORCiD
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Andrew E. Szymkowiak
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Yale University , 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University , 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Ryan C. Terrien
- ORCiD
- Carleton College , One North College Street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
- Stephane Udry
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department of the University of Geneva , 51 ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- Sam A. Weiss
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Yale University , 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- François Wildi
- ORCiD
- Astronomy Department of the University of Geneva , 51 ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- Thibault Wildi
- ORCiD
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY , Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Jason T. Wright
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Penn State Extraterrestrial Intelligence Center, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acf83e
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 166,
no. 4
p. 173
Abstract
We present an analysis of Sun-as-a-star observations from four different high-resolution, stabilized spectrographs—HARPS, HARPS-N, EXPRES, and NEID. With simultaneous observations of the Sun from four different instruments, we are able to gain insight into the radial velocity precision and accuracy delivered by each of these instruments and isolate instrumental systematics that differ from true astrophysical signals. With solar observations, we can completely characterize the expected Doppler shift contributed by orbiting Solar System bodies and remove them. This results in a data set with measured velocity variations that purely trace flows on the solar surface. Direct comparisons of the radial velocities measured by each instrument show remarkable agreement with residual intraday scatter of only 15–30 cm s ^−1 . This shows that current ultra-stabilized instruments have broken through to a new level of measurement precision that reveals stellar variability with high fidelity and detail. We end by discussing how radial velocities from different instruments can be combined to provide powerful leverage for testing techniques to mitigate stellar signals.
Keywords
- Stellar activity
- Solar activity
- Spectrometers
- Astronomical instrumentation
- Radial velocity
- Exoplanet detection methods
