NANOBODIES^®: A Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

NANOBODY® (a registered trademark of Ablynx N.V) molecules (Nbs), also referred to as single domain-based VHHs, are antibody fragments derived from heavy-chain only IgG antibodies found in the Camelidae family. Due to their small size, simple structure, high antigen binding affinity, and remarkable stability in extreme conditions, Nbs possess the potential to overcome several of the limitations of conventional monoclonal antibodies. For many years, Nbs have been of great interest in a wide variety of research fields, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This has culminated with the approval of the world’s first Nb based drug (Caplacizumab) in 2018 with others following, and more on the way. This review will provide an overview, with examples, of (i) the structure and advantages of Nbs compared to conventional monoclonal antibodies, (ii) methods used to generate and produce antigen-specific Nbs, (iii) applications for diagnostics, and (iv) ongoing clinical trials for Nb therapeutics as well as promising candidates for clinical development.

Keywords

• NANOBODY^®
• NANOBODY^® generation
• NANOBODY^® production
• diagnostics
• therapeutics